objective 26: describe the difference between a non-directive and directive therapy and explain why rogers' approach is non-directive.
To understand how Rogers' approach to therapy is non-directive, we must first understand the differences between directive and non-directive therapy. Directive therapy is an active action type of therapy: a therapist gives very specific orders and techniques to a patient to try and help the patient deal with their problem head on. In non-directive therapy, the therapist actively listens instead of speaking and allows the patient to lead the conversation, letting them explain what is bothering them. To the right is a flow chart example of how both directive and non-directive therapy work in employee counseling.
In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist doesn't try to dominate and dictate the situation and instead actively listens to the things the patient is saying. In this approach, the therapist acts as a mirror: the therapist reflects all the information they are told with unconditional positive regard and paraphrasing back to the patient so the patient can understand themselves better. That being said, Rogers' approach to therapy is non-directive. The first link below is to GoodTherapy's website, depicting how non-directive, client centered therapy is often regarded as a better form of therapy than directive therapy.
http://www.goodtherapy.org/person_centered.html
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist doesn't try to dominate and dictate the situation and instead actively listens to the things the patient is saying. In this approach, the therapist acts as a mirror: the therapist reflects all the information they are told with unconditional positive regard and paraphrasing back to the patient so the patient can understand themselves better. That being said, Rogers' approach to therapy is non-directive. The first link below is to GoodTherapy's website, depicting how non-directive, client centered therapy is often regarded as a better form of therapy than directive therapy.
http://www.goodtherapy.org/person_centered.html
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
objective 27: describe the attitude of the client centered therapist (congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard).
Client centered therapy operates according to the three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist towards the client:
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
- The therapist is congruent with the client: related equally to the client
- The therapist provides the patient unconditional positive regard: basic acceptance and support of them regardless of what they say or do
- The therapist shows empathetic understanding towards the client: understanding the patient's condition from their perspective
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
objective 28: distinguish between the various definitional and theoretical models of abnormal behavior.
Psychologists often study people's emotional, cognitive, and behavior problems; any behavior in these people that is socially unacceptable (disturbing), distressing, self-defeating (maladaptive) that results in distorted thoughts or cognitions can be defined as abnormal behavior. The causes of these types of behavior are still being researched in different perspectives, providing many different theories. Different perspectives include perspectives from a medical, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural standpoints.
The medical perspective focuses on biological and physiological factors that cause abnormal behavior, and then treat the behavior like a disease or illness after diagnosing through symptoms. Treatments often include hospitalization and drugs instead of psychological investigation. The psychodynamic perspective is used as an alternative to the medical perspective, and originates from Freudian psychoanalytic theory. In this theory, psychological disorders are thought to be a consequence of anxiety from unresolved and or unconscious conflicts. Identification and resolution of the conflicts is used as treatment.
In the behavioral perspective, is it believed that abnormal behavior comes from poor or ineffective learning and conditioning. To treat this, behavior is reshaped by teaching new strategies from more adaptive responses. To the right is an example of how this works.
From the cognitive perspective, people have abnormal behavior because of the thoughts and behaviors they have from false assumptions. This is treated by helping them to develop new thought processes and values, like in therapy: unlearning bad habits and replacing them with better ones. According to the social-cultural perspective, family, community, and culture are said to cause abnormal behavior. Variables in these cultures are learned and impact the behavior in an individual. In western cultures, a thin female body is valued, so anorexia and bulimia often occur in females. below is a chart of how this works.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-25438,articleId-25394.html
The medical perspective focuses on biological and physiological factors that cause abnormal behavior, and then treat the behavior like a disease or illness after diagnosing through symptoms. Treatments often include hospitalization and drugs instead of psychological investigation. The psychodynamic perspective is used as an alternative to the medical perspective, and originates from Freudian psychoanalytic theory. In this theory, psychological disorders are thought to be a consequence of anxiety from unresolved and or unconscious conflicts. Identification and resolution of the conflicts is used as treatment.
In the behavioral perspective, is it believed that abnormal behavior comes from poor or ineffective learning and conditioning. To treat this, behavior is reshaped by teaching new strategies from more adaptive responses. To the right is an example of how this works.
From the cognitive perspective, people have abnormal behavior because of the thoughts and behaviors they have from false assumptions. This is treated by helping them to develop new thought processes and values, like in therapy: unlearning bad habits and replacing them with better ones. According to the social-cultural perspective, family, community, and culture are said to cause abnormal behavior. Variables in these cultures are learned and impact the behavior in an individual. In western cultures, a thin female body is valued, so anorexia and bulimia often occur in females. below is a chart of how this works.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-25438,articleId-25394.html
objective 29: describe the diagnostic techniques used by psychologists.
To classify psychological disorders, psychologists currently use DSM-V: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. In this edition, many changes have been made to the DSM-IV, including changes to diagnostic labels, like that "mental retardation" will now be regarded as an "intellectual developmental disorder". In the DSM, psychologists search for symptoms that lead to a disorder, like a cookbook backwards.
In the DSM IV, these 5 axes are used to diagnose disorders.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZt_LS-tzGA
In the DSM IV, these 5 axes are used to diagnose disorders.
- Axis I: Using specifically defined criteria, clinicians may select none, one or more syndromes for the list of 16 available.
- Axis II: Is a personality disorder or Mental Retardation present?
- Axis III: Is a general medical condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present?
- Axis IV: Are psychosocial or environmental problems, such as school, or housing issues, also present?
- Axis V: What is the global Assessment of this persons functioning?
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZt_LS-tzGA
objective 30: describe the symptoms and possible causes for the following disorders: phobic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, schizophrenic disorders, and mood disorders.
The photo at the left serves a great example for this objective, showing that there are many possible causes and symptoms for each of the disorders listed above. All the data in this chart is extremely accurate: it can be compared, but not contrasted to all the information given in our textbook and many other psychological resources! Another great example can be found in the video at the following link:
http://www.videojug.com/interview/mental-disorder-symptoms Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules |
objective 31: describe piaget's theory of intellectual development with special regard to the following: assimilation and ACCOMMODATION, object concept in the sensorimotor stage, the symbolic function in the pre-operational stage, conservation in the concrete operational stage, and the use of the hypothetical-deductive method in the formal operational stage.
Jean Piaget's theory of intellectual development is that we cognitive develop in stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. In these stages, we also develop the abilities of object concept, symbolic functioning, conservation, and use of the hypothetical-deductive method. The things that we learn in these stages are explained more in-depth in the image at the left. In object concept, children are able to recognize images they've seen before and are able to picture objects that aren't present and have the ability to imagine things in symbolic functioning. Conservation begins when the children are able to understand things and can logically think about the concrete objects. Later, in the hypothetical-deductive method, children are able to form and test hypotheses and draw conclusions. Below is an excellent exmaple by blogger Ms. Dizon on how assimilation and accommodation work!
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
objective 32: describe the difference between sensation and perception.
Sensation and perception are generally thought of as being the same thing. Instead, they are two completely different processes, but they do go hand in hand. Sensation, by definition, is the process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent the stimulus energies of our environment while perception is the process of organizing and interpreting all the sensations we go through so we can recognize things. Sensation occurs when I smell the belch that my boyfriend, Wyatt, just blew at me across the dinner table, but perception helps me understand that it was blown at me, it didn't just appear there.
The way our brains organize sensation and perception isn't exactly the way I described it, but it's pretty close. Instead, our brains think of these as bottom-up processing and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing works the same way as it's worded: from the bottom up. Sensory receptors recognize a change in stimulus and tell the higher levels of processing about it. As an example, I heard the yawn that Wyatt let out as he left the room, which meant that my sensory receptors were sending that information to be processed. As a result, I knew that the yawn was moving away from me.
Much different from bottom-up processing, top-down processing is where our brains create a perception from our sensory input by using past experiences to create an expectation of what we are about to perceive. When I feel Wyatt hug me before I go home, my perceptual schema tell me that I will smell his cologne and feel his heartbeat, because they are things I have experienced when I have hugged him in this past. Without sensation, perception would be useless to us, and vise versa.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules.
The way our brains organize sensation and perception isn't exactly the way I described it, but it's pretty close. Instead, our brains think of these as bottom-up processing and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing works the same way as it's worded: from the bottom up. Sensory receptors recognize a change in stimulus and tell the higher levels of processing about it. As an example, I heard the yawn that Wyatt let out as he left the room, which meant that my sensory receptors were sending that information to be processed. As a result, I knew that the yawn was moving away from me.
Much different from bottom-up processing, top-down processing is where our brains create a perception from our sensory input by using past experiences to create an expectation of what we are about to perceive. When I feel Wyatt hug me before I go home, my perceptual schema tell me that I will smell his cologne and feel his heartbeat, because they are things I have experienced when I have hugged him in this past. Without sensation, perception would be useless to us, and vise versa.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules.
objective 33: describe the role that expectation and motivation have in perception.
Both motivation and expectation can affect our perception of things in daily life. As week wake up every morning, we develop expectations of what our day will entail based on past experiences. Mental tendencies and assumptions, known as perceptual sets, affect the way we perceive things. If we've had past experiences with the thing we are interacting with, these perceptual sets play a role, and in every sensory area, too. If you've ever been to any live concerts, you know that they are very loud. Because of this, you would expect every concert you would go to would be very loud.
Look at the picture to the right. If you had just read a story about a poor, ugly old woman you would easily see an old woman. But if you had just watched a movie about a rich, beautiful, young girl, you would be more likely to see a young girl looking away in the image. Since we are expecting it to be one of those things, our perceptions are changed. Due to our experiences from the past, we expect a concert to be loud right when we get there, when in fact it might not have started yet. Since our perceptual sets are based on our personal schemas and are used to conform new information into, we can also use these for gender situations. If I told you I had a 20 year old relative named Stevie, you may picture a tall, handsome Iowan man wearing a flannel button down and ripped jeans with boots. In reality, Stevie is a Calfornian hippie that runs around in dresses, barefoot, with flowers in her hair. Since in the past you have only met men that are named Stevie, you wouldn't expect or perceive Stevie to be a girl.
Motives and motivation also change our perspectives on things. If you drank too much water before going to perform on stage, your performance may feel much longer than ten minutes because of your dire need to use the restroom. In this kind of instance, our bodies are actually motivated to go to the bathroom; our bodies are energized, creating a greater need to use the rest room. This is why use the bathroom every ten seconds before going on stage. In short, things aren't always as they seem.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules
Look at the picture to the right. If you had just read a story about a poor, ugly old woman you would easily see an old woman. But if you had just watched a movie about a rich, beautiful, young girl, you would be more likely to see a young girl looking away in the image. Since we are expecting it to be one of those things, our perceptions are changed. Due to our experiences from the past, we expect a concert to be loud right when we get there, when in fact it might not have started yet. Since our perceptual sets are based on our personal schemas and are used to conform new information into, we can also use these for gender situations. If I told you I had a 20 year old relative named Stevie, you may picture a tall, handsome Iowan man wearing a flannel button down and ripped jeans with boots. In reality, Stevie is a Calfornian hippie that runs around in dresses, barefoot, with flowers in her hair. Since in the past you have only met men that are named Stevie, you wouldn't expect or perceive Stevie to be a girl.
Motives and motivation also change our perspectives on things. If you drank too much water before going to perform on stage, your performance may feel much longer than ten minutes because of your dire need to use the restroom. In this kind of instance, our bodies are actually motivated to go to the bathroom; our bodies are energized, creating a greater need to use the rest room. This is why use the bathroom every ten seconds before going on stage. In short, things aren't always as they seem.
Psychology Tenth Edition in Modules